Blood Buffer Essay Example for Free

Blood Buffer EssayObjectivesAfter completing this exercise and reading the corres syndicateing tangible in your text, you should be able to1. Prepargon a wet mount semivowel2. Identify expressions exposit in this lab on sailings3. Cite examples of the wide diversity of cubicle types4. Relate differences in organise among cells to functional differencesIntroductionStructur bothy and function bothy, all living things sh be iodine common feature all living existences are composed of cells. The development of this c oncept began with Robert Hookes seventeenth-century observation that slices of cork were made up of clear units he called cells. Over the next 100 years, the cell theory emerged. It was formally (and independently) presented by Schleiden and Schwann in 1839, and dainty by Virchow a few years later. This theory has three principles (1) All organisms are composed of adept or more cells. (2) All life processes derive from the activities of cells. (3) All cells a rise from preexisting cells. Living organisms are composed of one or many cells, and every activity that occurs in a living organism is ultimately related to metabolic processes in cells.Understanding the processes of life requires an belowstanding of the social organisation and function of the cell. Although cells modify in organization, size, and function, all share certain structural features. All are enclosed within a plasma membrane, defining the boundary of the living material. All determine a region of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), which forms the heritable code. Inside of the plasma membrane is frail cytoplasm, and the chemical processes inside the cell occur within this watery medium. Upon microscopic examination, we visualize there are devil basic types of cells, prokaryotic and eucaryotic, see the table at a patheticer place to see a comparison of the two cell types.For these following exercise you should use the highest magnification possible, because you pull up stakes be able to see more detail, and you should record your observations at this magnification. Always begin with the lower magnifications, once you encounter found your model center it and focus it before increasing the magnification. We will non be using the 100X objective lens because it requires special handling and immersion oil, so you should use the 40X objective for most observations. What is the agree magnification of a sample view with the 40X objective? Remember there is a lens in the ocular that magnifies the image 10x, so the total magnification will be 40 x 10 = 400X.Exercise 1 Examining Prokaryotic cells1. What types of organisms are prokaryotic?2. What structures are found in a eucaryotic cell that will not be visible in a Prokayotic cell?3. visit the specimens obtainable at the fanny of the classroom. Locate a prokaryotic cell and bring it back to your microscope. Name of specimen ____________________4. poll your specimen under the microscope. vigne tte your specimen under 40x magnification below. Be sure to trail any immanent or outside structures visible.Exercise 2 Examining Eukaryotic cellsThe cells on which we focus most of our attention are relatively large and complex, although many details of their structure are only pellucid with electron microscopy. The word eukaryote derives from the visible nucleus found in most of these cells. No one cell will show all of the features that a cell might have, so you will be observing a variety of eukaryotic cells.Protist cellsThe protist kingdom includes eukaryotic unicellular forms (e.g., protozoans, algae, escape frompings molds) as well as roughly simple multicellular forms. umteen are mobile some are photosynthetic others are animate being-like, ingesting food particles, or fungi-like, secreting digestive chemicals into the environment. Protists are diverse, often having complex cells. 1. What structures do you expect to see in these cells that was not evident in the pro karyotes you precept?Cultures of mixed protists and/or pond water are available in lab. Many different forms may be found in these cultures, including amoebas, flagellates and ciliates. (Many classifications of protists are based on how they move with flagella, or cilia, or neither of these.) 2. Examine the specimens available at the back of the classroom. Locate the cultures of protist cells. You will examine two separate cultures. One of the cultures youll examine is the mixed Pond Protists, you can pick which specimen youll examine for your second sample from the other cultures present in class. Make a wet mount of from each one culture, drawing material from the debris at the bathroom of the culture jar. Name of specimen 1 Mixed Pond ProtistsName of specimen 2 ____________________3. look on first with scanning powerfulness (4X objective), looking for movement. If you dont see anything, wash the material back into the jar and get another drop. Once you have located organis ms, observe on higher power (40X objective). If the protists are moving very rapidly, they may swim out of the field of view. In this case, remove the coverslip and minimal brain damage a small drop of Detain. Detain is a thick solution that will help lento down the protists. REMEMBER THAT THE MICROSCOPE LIGHT IS HOT. Turn it off when you are not looking at the slide. 4. Examine your specimen under the microscope. Sketch each specimen under 40x magnification below. Be sure to evaluate any internal or external structures visible.5. What evidence do you see that protists are eukaryotes?6. Attempt to chance upon the protists you have observed. There are several keys to protists available. Your instructor can help you use the keys if youre not familiar with how they work. Write the name of your protists and your rationale for identification based on the characteristics in the key into your notes.When you have finished looking at your slide, place the slide in the bleach water.Plant cellsPlant cells are different from animal cells in many ways.1. Name three ways plant cells differ from animal cells below.As in animals, cells of plants are organized into tissues, aggregations of similar cells performing a common function in a multicellular organism. In this part of the lab, you will look at several types of plant cells. onion epidermal cells1. Make a wet mount of a colorless scale of an onion electric light by peeling the thin, membranous layer from the inside of one of the bulb scales and placing it on a slide in a drop of water. This usually works best if you partially slice through a ring, allowing the thin layer of tissue on the inner surface of the leaf to be pulled off. Use forceps to clip the tissue in a drop of Iodine on a slide and cover with a cover slip. 2. Observe your preparation with the microscope, focusing first with the scanning power objective. Continue your study, switching to the low power (10 X) and finally the high power objective (40 X). 3. What shape do most of these cells have? What structure maintains this shape?4. What structure is stained by the iodine?5. Examine your specimen under the microscope. Sketch each specimen under 40x magnification below. Be sure to label any internal or external structures visible.6. Which cellular components present in most leaf cells are absent from onion leaf cells?ditchmoss leaf cells1. Remove a single young leaf and prepare a wet mount. Examine the leaf first on scanning power, then on low power.2. Examine your specimen under the microscope. Sketch each specimen under 40x magnification below. Be sure to label any internal or external structures visible.3. After the cells have warmed a bit from the light of the microscope, you may see cytoplasmic streaming. Microfilaments in the cytoplasm are thought to be responsible for this intracellular movement. What cellular structure do you see moving around the cytoplasm?Animal cellsHuman epithelial (cheek) cells1. Using the wide-cut e nd of a clean toothpick, gently scrape the inside of your cheek. Stir the scrapings into a drop of salty and a drop of Methylene Blue on a clean microscope slide and add a cover slip. Do not reuse your toothpick. DO NOT PUT IT BACK WITH THE CLEAN TOOTHPICKS AND founding fatherT LAY IT ON THE TABLE. Discard it in the BIOHAZARD bag. 2. Because the cells are almost transparent, decrease the sum of light entering the objective lens to increase the contrast. Find the cells using the low power objective of your microscope, then switch to the high power objective for detailed study. Find the nucleus of a cell. Many of the cells will be folded or wrinkled due to their thin, flexible nature. 3. Examine your specimen under the microscope. Sketch each specimen under 40x magnification below. Be sure to label any internal or external structures visible.4. Dark specs on the cells are bacteria, similar to the E. coli you looked at earlier. How big are these bacterial cells relative to your chee k cells?Discard this slide into the bowl containing the bleach water.Sheeps blood (wet mount)Blood consists of two parts a liquid portion (water + proteins) called plasma, and a cellular portion, containing many different cell types, including erythrocytes or red blood cells (RBCs), and leukocytes or white blood cells (WBCs). Red blood cells are red because they contain a lot of the oxygen-carrying molecule hemoglobin. The blood sample we have has been treated chemically to prevent clotting.1. trail a wet mount by placing a drop of saline and a small drop of blood on the slide. Add a cover slip. Examine a portion of the slide in which the blood is diluted.2. Examine your specimen under the microscope. Sketch each specimen under 40x magnification below. Be sure to label any internal or external structures visible.3. What is missing from these cells that is found in eukaryotic cells?4. How do the red blood cells compare to your cheek cells in size? What shapes are the cells?Discard this slide into the bowl containing the bleach water.Cells Review QuestionsYour answers should be specific and to the level of the lecture, book and lab manual. You may indispensability to use outside sources.1. What characteristics do all cells have in common?2. What characteristics are common to all eukaryotic cells but not found in prokaryotic cells?3. Would you expect that all the living cells you saw in lab contain mitochondria? Explain.4. Did all living plant cells you observed contain chloroplasts? Explain.5. Describe as many differences as you can between plant and animal cells at a cellular level. Do any of these differences relate to the organismic differences we see between plants and animals? Explain.6. How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells compare in size?7. How would you compare a protist cell to a cell from your body, a cheek cell for example, in terms of complexity at the cellular level?